Australian Indigenous People

Question: Talk about the Australian Indigenous People. Answer: Presentation: The contention of Peter Sutton (2001, 13) that the issue of the Aboriginal People emerges from a blend of complex factors that are antiquated social and social and different outer powers has been appropriately contended. On the off chance that we watch the historical backdrop of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander there burden started with them being discarded their property and afterward being dislodged. The misfortunes of their self-governance, racial segregation, and povertys intergenerational impacts have further fuelled their inconveniences (Aboriginal economy society: Australia at the limit of colonization, 2005). There are as a general rule different biases that have been looked by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals when they attempt to lease the home, get benefits in banks and shops, get a new line of work and do the most widely recognized things which each other Australian underestimates. There are easygoing connections that exist with each detriment that interrelates to another drawback. For instance, without their being sufficient offices for learning at home, even with the consolation from guardians, learning would not be a simple errand. Training comparably would be hard for youngsters who are experiencing center ear inconveniences or a meeting misfortune or are malnourished (Macoun, 2011). Wellbeing is influenced due to there being poor sanitation and lodging that isn't suitable. There is frequently tertiary training which is required for movement to middles and senior positions. Being jobless and poor lower factually the confidence and expands passing, ailment and the probability of their being detainment and capture, similarly as unexpected weakness impacts employability and cutoff points accomplishment in instruction. There has been incredible enduring that the indigenous individuals have endured before. It can well be expressed that the issues that are looked by the Australian Indigenous individuals emerge today from an unpredictable blend together of the present which, which the time post-triumph, and outside effect from factors that are chronicled, with there being an important number of previous old, social and social components (Austlii.edu.au, 2016). In Peter Sutton's article, the center has by and large been laid upon just fierce clashes in any case, these variables do stream down to different detriments that are being looked by the indigenous individuals today (Sutton, 2001). There are different individuals for whom the suggestion that the weaknesses to the Indigenous individuals have been brought about by factors that are outer just, for example, colonization, is a fiction that keeps on continuing. The safeguard for this supporting fiction is that it isn't workable for the majority to comprehend the nuance that is there behind reality and it is towards oversimplified that they are increasingly disposed towards (Austlii.edu.au, 2016). There has been on the opposite a quietness moderately on the multifaceted nature of the easygoing component, and there has been no affirmation of the equivalent. In his 2001 scholarly paper Peter Suttons contention that the savagery level and degeneracy require looking at together the different complex factors as referenced previously. His contention is finished with shifts that are critical in the economy and culture of the Aboriginal individuals. Paul Toohey in his article Peter Sutton has been transparently cited and the differential treatment of the Aboriginal people group and the Aboriginal freedom legislative issues insight (Ryan, 2010). The Aboriginal individuals during the 1960s declared their entitlement to opportunity to cast a ballot, development, getting to of government managed savings at any rate the base level, utilization of liquor and different other such opportunities. The accomplishment that came about has helped close the hole that exists between the status of the Aboriginal as controlled by the managerial and administrative activity at both State and Commonwealth level from one viewpoint and citizenship rights then again. This converted into training as the prejudicial practices' evacuation by which the support of the Aboriginal individuals were limited in the white Australian's city life (The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the finish of the liberal agreement, 2010). To take up on the purpose of Sutton on meeting up of different components that are social, there was no or minimal profound situated acknowledgment of a distinction of qualities or culture during the freedom governmental issues' activation. The unmistakable societies and estimation of the Aboriginal Australia might be promoted by the white Australia in quest for national imagery and gains monetarily, be that as it may, as for authoritative and political strategies, the estimations of the Aboriginal are viewed as normal with that of the considerable number of Australians. The additions of the Aboriginal from governmental issues of freedom incorporate them having the option to get to the white citizenship, inward and institutional assimilationist of practices and arrangements, incorporatist models. In short being the chance to be in the white Australian's way of life. References Native economy society: Australia at the edge of colonization. (2005).Choice Reviews Online, 42(05), pp.42-2891-42-2891. Austlii.edu.au. (2016).Overcoming Disadvantage. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/organizations/vehicle/overcoming_disadvantage/pg3.htm [Accessed 4 Aug. 2016]. Macoun, A. (2011). Aboriginality and the Northern Territory Intervention.Australian Journal of Political Science, 46(3), pp.519-534. Ryan, L. (2010). Revamping Aboriginal history.History Australia, 7(3), pp.70.1-70.2. Sutton, P. (2001). The legislative issues of misery: Indigenous strategy in Australia since the 1970s.Anthropological Forum, 11(2), pp.125-173. The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the finish of the liberal accord. (2010).Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(5), pp.535-536.

Supply Chain Management in Whirlpool Research Paper

Gracefully Chain Management in Whirlpool - Research Paper Example Not at all like its rivals like Electrolux, LG and General Electric, dominant part of the Whirlpool's items experiences some type of assembling inside U.S. In spite of the fact that, Whirlpool re-appropriate their tasks, it is done negligibly, with lion's share of its assembling plants situated in North America. Aside from this assembling section of its gracefully chain, Whirlpool likewise has an across the board appropriation system to flexibly or arrive at the item to the expected client. This conveyance arrange comprises of manufacturing plant based dissemination communities or stockrooms, from where the completed item arrives at the provincial dispersion places, and afterward to the neighborhood appropriation focuses, along these lines at last arriving at retail outlets for the customer to purchase. (Treat, 2008). With such broad tasks, Whirlpool needed to have an improved Supply Chain Management (SCM) to fulfill the clients, and develop fruitful. Despite the fact that, in mid 20 00’s, Whirlpool had issues in dealing with its flexibly chain, by actualizing powerful procedures and significantly by utilizing Information innovation (IT) instruments, it has had the option to fortify its gracefully chain. Significantly after the procurement of Maytag, Whirlpool kept on improving its gracefully chain by partner with solid players like Penske Logistics, who acquired more IT instruments Porters’ five powers The dealing intensity of the purchasers has expanded in light of the fact that now they have better data about the items, costs and their attributes as a result of a great deal of introduction about the organization and its items through different mediums. On account of Whirlpool likewise, the dealing intensity of the purchasers has emphasizd and that is affecting its flexibly chain. In this way, to improve its gracefully chain, Whirlpool chose to initially concentrate on the client necessities, and afterward continue from that point, in a regressiv e way. With that center, Whirlpool considered customers’ desire and discovered they are â€Å"asking for precise guarantees as a first prerequisite: Give a date, hit a date.† (Lee, 2009, p.182). On account of this conduct of the purchasers, Whirlpool comprehended they need to convey items at the earliest opportunity to the clients. â€Å"The gracefully tie should have been ready to get that machine to [the consumer] inside 48 hours,† (MacMilan, 2008). To satisfy this objective, Whirlpool began fusing innovation in a complemented way in its gracefully chain. Toward that path, Whirlpool additionally connected with number of providers in its gracefully chain, in this way expanding the dealing intensity of the providers also. Despite the fact that, Whirlpool didn't re-appropriate its assembling tasks, when it came to gracefully chain activities, it didn't weight on directing it in-house. Subsequent to making careful evaluations with respect to its broad tasks, Whirl pool chose to redistribute the support capacities. Generally, its gracefully chain was partitioned into three sections, with Ryder Logistics taking care of flexibly of crude materials to the assembling plants and arriving at the completed products to its appropriation communities, while ERX dealt with its provincial circulation places. (Bowman, n. d). For every one of these activities, Whirlpool needed to flexibly its armada of tractors and trailers, just as oversee it. That is when, Whirlpool upgraded its conveyance procedure and chose to â€Å"transform its private armada into a devoted activity oversaw by an outsider†, with Penske Logistics coming into the image. (Bowman, n. d). Penske Logistics with a wide scope of IT

Writing Articles For Writing

Writing Articles For WritingArticles for writing can be considered a good idea if you have the ability to create content which is of high quality. This will take a great deal of hard work and research, but it can be done. If you are able to do this, then it will be easy for you to write articles for writing.Today's readers tend to search for what they are looking for in a site that is informative, up to date and can provide information about current trends and innovations. To ensure that the articles are of high quality, it is necessary to make use of keyword research tools. It is also important to use specific techniques such as meta tags and anchor text in the articles which are placed on different online websites. This ensures that they are viewed by people who are interested in the subject matter.A simple technique which is used by many writers is to utilize an outline for each article. They create this outline by composing one on one discussions between themselves with friends, colleagues or even people who have the expertise in the topic. This way they can write more articles which are more specific.One should conduct research web sites such as Google or Yahoo to find out the topics that are most popular. Based on this information, you can create an outline to write the articles which will be easy to read. This way it is possible to get a hold of the interest of people, and hopefully get a good response from them.Another technique which is a must for articles for writing is to use keywords to supply relevant information to the readers. The keywords that are used in the articles will reflect the contents of the content. This will ensure that the articles have been seen by people who are searching for the content.It is advisable for writers to write fewer articles in one day. The reason being that the time taken will dictate the work rate which the writer has to achieve. At a certain point, the article will become too much to handle and will require some re arrangement of the information. It is also important for writers to keep their eyes open for new articles that are being written on similar topics to the ones that they have written earlier.This can be done by writing about something else that you know and linking to it in the writing. This will make it possible for you to link back to your previous article. The purpose of this is to help you improve the quality of your writing. By doing this, you will be able to write more articles for writing which will be very useful for future reference.The resource box of an article is also important for articles for writing. It can be difficult to get used to writing an introductory paragraph or introduction to a resource box. It is therefore important for you to learn how to write them properly, so that you can give the readers a clear idea as to what the material is all about.

Theme Of Light And Dark Imagery In Oedipus The King

Sophocles’ masterful work, Oedipus the King, exemplifies the significance of imagery within literature. The perpetual presence of light and dark imagery effectively strengthens the dramatic aspects of catharsis, anagnorisis and mimesis. These factors continually impose the audience to establish a personal connection with the literary work. As an individual, Oedipus possesses the unfortunate attribute of hubris; his ego ultimately causes his tragic demise and convincingly elicits catharsis, an emotional outcry from the spectators. His sight frequently sways due to his sentiments and it compels him to live ignorantly despite the calamitous truth of his origins. He profoundly disregards any indication of a secluded prophecy, one that†¦show more content†¦Me or any man who lives in light† (Sophocles 22). Within this quotation, the light metaphorically exemplifies knowledge and principle, while the darkness establishes the presence of ignorance and deception. Oedipus does not suggest that Tiraeus, a blind male, is incapable of hurting him, but rather, that the seer’s falsehood cannot damage his stature. Oedipus’ arrogance renders him to the point where he is incapable of interpreting the truth of his origins and profoundly desires to maintain his authority as the sovereign of Thebes. Consequently, his conduct incites catharsis from the audience as they witness the gradual collapse of a prominent, dramatic figure. Sophocles additionally utilises imagery to reinforce his clutch on the sentiments of the audience, during Oedipus’ revelation to the truth of his origins. In agony and grief, he states, â€Å"I am deserted, dark, and where is sorrow stumbling? Whence flits that voice so near? Where, demon, will you drive me† (Sophocles 72). Oedipus exposes his vulnerability and sorrowful nature, as he learns that his ignorance blinds his sense of practicality. Sophocles utilises the terms, â€Å"deserted† (Sophocles 72) and â€Å"dark† (Sophocles 72) to exemplify the monarch’s impression of blindness and abandonment after his horrific actions. The presence of dark imagery effectively forces an evocation of emotion from the audience as they helplessly look upon the tragic hero’s fate. With the utilization of light andShow MoreRelatedOedipus The King By Sophocles1432 Words   |  6 Pages The play â€Å"Oedipus the king† by Sophocles began with Oedipus as a King, and ended with his downfall. Oedipus’s fall from his noble status was not by accident or caused by another person, rather Oedipus himself is to be blamed for his adversity. The play uses many symbols, places, motifs, themes, ideas, and imagery to give the audience a sense of reality and foreshadow the fate of Oedipus. Symbols relating to the three way crossroad and Oedipus’s swollen foot were referred to a number of times. MotifsRead More The Search for Truth in Anton Chekhovs The C herry Orchard and Sophocles Oedipus Rex1281 Words   |  6 Pagessinful pride that leads to ignorance in their respective works, The Cherry Orchard and Oedipus Rex. In each drama, certain characters are slapped in the face with the truth; the light is revealed. However, these characters make the connection when it is too late. Their destruction is already destined to become a reality, a horrid fate that could have been prevented. Both Chekhov and Sophocles present the universal theme that an open mind, constantly in search for truth, is the mark of a worthy individualRead More Essay on Light and Dark in Antigone1194 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Light and Dark in Antigone    The Golden Age of Greece is noted for its many contributions to the creative world, especially in its development of the play. These performances strived to emphasize Greek morals, and were produced principally for this purpose. Antigone, by Sophocles, is typical. The moral focused on in Antigone is the conflict between physis (nature) and nomos (law), with physis ultimately presiding over nomos. Throughout Antigone, King Creon is a symbol for nomos, whileRead MoreThe Role Of The Chorus And Its Impact On The Audience2287 Words   |  10 Pages THE ROLE OF THE CHORUS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE AUDIENCE IN OEDIPUS THE KING Angad Dev Singh History of Drama and Theater I Optional Research Paper Tenth of December 2014 The chorus is an essential feature of Greek classical drama. Instances of various types of dance, singing, and speech are some elements of a Greek chorus. â€Å"Composed of similarly costumed men, they performed on the orchestra located beneath the stage. The chorus stayed in the orchestraRead MoreThemes of Antigone2022 Words   |  9 PagesThe Themes of Antigone Antigone is credited as one of the best works of Sophocles, ranked by most modern critics above Oedipus the King. There are many aspects of Antigone that make it the play critics love to decipher and rave about. Antigone must be received as the canon of ancient tragedy: no tragedy of antiquity that we possess approaches it in pure idealism, or in harmony of artistic development hails critic Berhardy (Theatre History). He goes on to rave It is the first poem produced byRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pagesthat  resembled  human  society  in  its  levels  of  authority  and  power.  However,  a  crucial  difference   existed  between  gods  and  human  beings:  Humans  died,  and  gods  were  immortal.  Heroes  also  played   an  important  role  in  Greek  mythology,  and  stories  about  them  conveyed  serious  themes.  The  Greeks   considered  human  heroes  from  the  past  closer  to  themselves  than  were  the  immortal  gods.   A   Gods   Given  the  multiplicity  of  myths  that  circulated  in  Greece,  it  is  difficult  to  present  a  single  version  of  the   genealogy  (family  history)  of  the  godsRead More Modernism Essay examples3205 Words   |  13 Pageswere revealed. This provided freedom for the reader to think about what the author was presenting through the text. The work was created through the inner feelings and workings of the characters and the symbols hidden in the plot and setting. The way themes and points of view were selected went against the earlier convention also. Sigmund Freuds Interpretation of Dreams in 1899 opened the door to previously undiscovered value in the human unconscious. This led to a whole new emphasis of individualismRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 PagesKEY LITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING This tragedy is set against the background of the Oedipus legend. It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of Athens. AlthoughRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagescharacteristics often involve the persecution of a young woman who is forced apart from her true love Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · short stories and novels hold readers attention through dread of a series of terrible possibilities feature landscapes of dark forests, extreme vegetation, concealed ruins with horrific rooms, depressed characters Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · today in literature we still see portrayals of alluring antagonists whose evil characteristics appeal to one s sense of awe today in literatureRead MoreThe Role of the Artistic Director in a Theater Production2388 Words   |  10 Pagesexecuting the artistic vision of the play. The artistic director is considered to be a creative or interpretive artist as they interpret another person’s work. Production Meeting: A production meeting is when the music director, choreographer, set, light, sound, and costume designers meet with the artistic director to discuss and create the production concept. Dramaturg: The dramaturg goes out to different cities and reads plays. He or she also tries to locate translations of the play, writes articles

Personal Statement Manager And Leader - 1265 Words

Manager and Leader In my personal life, I have had more disappointments and let downs from people in authority over me. They had the managerial concept, but the leadership quality was lacking. Most of my experiences were fearful driven by overpowering bosses that instilled do it or lose your job, and that everyone was replaceable. Until ten years ago I thought all bosses treated their employees this way, however, then I had a career change abruptly, it was there I met a man that would change my thoughts on bosses, my career direction and the way that I myself lead others today. Sam was the Human Resources Manager at a factory where I became a temporary employee, then became a full-time employee. Sam was not only the manager, but he was†¦show more content†¦He told me that if I looked at this role as an opportunity to serve the people here, and show them how much you care about them, they would, in turn, comply with my requests with little to no effort. According to Owen and Hekman (2012), humb le leaders were described as those who provided honest substantive compliments, and they genuinely appreciated the contributions of others. I did not know what to think, first, no manager had ever taken the time to even ask me where I was from or bothered to know my children s names. At that moment, I knew this man was different. We had a conversation every morning. He had been in the Human Resources field for over forty years, yet he was so humble he went into detail about the mistakes he had made throughout his career, lessons learned and although he did not talk a lot about his strengths, they have become evident to me without him ever boasting about them. Although I made several mistakes he never used those mistakes against me or made me feel inadequate at all, instead, he used those mistakes as a teaching session to make me a better employee, little did I know that he was grooming me into the manager I am today. It became very evident to me that Sam knew something about getting people to follow him, I have never seen the man scream or yell at oneShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Manager And Leader1595 Words   |  7 PagesManager and Leader During my personal life, I have had more disappointments and let downs from people in authority over me than I would like to admit. Theoretically, they had the managerial concept, but the leadership quality was lacking. A majority of my experiences were fearful driven by overpowering bosses that instilled, do it or lose your job, and that everyone is replaceable. Until ten years ago, I assumed all bosses treated their employees this way. However, I had a career change abruptly;Read MoreDefining The Strategic Principle Of Mission Statements905 Words   |  4 PagesDefine the strategic principle of: Mission Statements. As the authors Dess, McNamara, and Eisner pointed out in the text book, the mission statements is a set of organizational goals that includes the purpose of the organization, its scope of operations, and the basis of its competitive advantage. (p.26) In other words, a mission statement communicates why the firm exists and how they are going to respond to their stakeholders. In order for a mission statement be successful it has to have the following:Read MoreEssay On Health Care Development1509 Words   |  7 Pagesacute hospitalization. I believe that this development design framework will be a successful planning template for creating medical step down unit. The first section of this paper discusses the description of the proposed unit including a mission statement, prioritized values, and an organizational chart depicting how all employees from the unit are connected. This is followed by a description of my preferred leadership style and managerial role, empowerment strategies, c onflict resolution, and importantRead MoreThe Definition Of Leadership By Daft1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of leadership described by Daft (2010) and Rost (1991), is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes (Puente, 2013). In a business definition, leadership is defined as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members (Leadership vs. Management, n.d.). The definition of management describedRead MoreLeadership Styles : Situational Leadership Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific, situational leadership can be used to lead people that are not very knowledgable in a certain area and also people that might know more than you. My mission statement is to be a dream chaser, adventurer, and think of others before myself. In using this style of leadership, I am able to reiterate my mission statement by reading each situation and adapting my leading for each individuals’ needs. My mission is to chase dreams and be an adventurer. Those two characteristics are vital inRead MoreEssay on Cmi 50011128 Words   |  5 PagesManagement amp; Leadership Unit 5001: Personal Development as a Manager and Leader Student Name: | | Delivery Partner: | | Country of Study: | | Date Assignment Submitted: | | Declaration Statement: By submitting this assignment for assessment, I am also confirming that the following report is the result of my own study and efforts. I understand that if this not the case, I will be putting at risk the successful completion of this qualification. Instructions: You are requiredRead MoreAnalysis Of Becoming The Boss By Linda Hill1050 Words   |  5 Pagesideas for first time leaders and managers to consider. My first overview of the article included thoughts that the article had a somewhat discouraging and negative outlook on new managers. Hill makes the statement throughout the article that the transition into becoming a leader or new manager is often very traumatic and the failures of the new managers are not surprising. After a more detailed review, I understand Hill’s purpose is to share the negative stories of new managers so the reader can useRead MoreMachiavelli s Statement On The Prince1535 Words   |  7 PagesAs a leader or manager, one requires to poses certain type of powers in order to take control of matters effectively. Power is considered as the ability or the capacity of a person to influence or direct the behavior of other people or the events that other people are doing. Influence is considered as what the leader has when he or she uses power in a manner that results in a behavioral response to those he heads. Power is divided into two major categories, namely, positional power and personal powerRead MoreBrent. The Second Interview1436 Words   |  6 Pageshis long career at Lowe’s, Brent has held numerous leadership positions, the majority of them in the store operations area of the company. Although I had worked with Brent before and even traveled with him and others on business, we never forged a personal relationship. Still, having familiarity with each other made for a more relaxing and meaningful discussion. I met Brent at his office on Thursday, December 31 at 11:00 AM to conduct the interview. Interviewing Brent was overwhelming at first sinceRead MoreThe Transformational Leadership Theory For Student Athletes Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagescreate a culture that supports the program’s mission, this student looks to rely on the transformational leadership theory. The transformational leadership theory is the positive impact a leader has on those they supervise and methods used to achieve optimistic outcomes (YuKi, 1999). The transformational leader builds a rapport with those they supervise by building trust, respect and the ability to motivate others, thus leading to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (1999). Organizational Citizenship

Grennell Farm Free Essays

Introduction Grennell Farm is a corporation that is engaged in the production of wheat. Located in Iowa, the 2,000-acre farm was established by Jeremiah Grennell more than 20 years ago. The sudden demise of its founder has led the farm to be transferred to the leadership of, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Grennell Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grennell’s niece and chosen heir, Denise Grey. She was informed of her inheritance early in 2010. Ms. Grey works as an AVP in the consumer credit of a large New York bank. With the huge distance between Iowa and New York, she is carefully studying the advantages and disadvantages of retaining the farm’s ownership. This case presents the basic business financial flows of Grennell Farm for the year 2009 and the events that she had to deal with regarding the management of the business. QUESTION # 2 The price per acre for the land was used as the basis for recommending whether Denise Grey should sell the land. Based on the comparison, it is advisable to sell 100 acres of Grennell Farm because the price per acre of $2250 is significantly higher than the original price ($187. 0) and the appraised price ($1050). QUESTION # 3 It would also help Denise Grey to evaluate the farm’s profitability and sustainability based on the following risks, liabilities and responsibilities, many of which are unknown based on the information given in the problem. Examples as follows: Tax liability Revenue gains may not be monetary Risk of loss due to bad debts Replacement of buildings and machinery Responsibility for the next season’s (2010) expenses How to cite Grennell Farm, Papers

New media technologies, ICTs, convergence and digitisation

Introduction The modern economic development is largely dependent on the investments in new media technologies. New media technologies, ICTs, convergence, and digitisation are seen as the new engines of economic growth for many countries from the perspectives of labour transactions and trade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New media technologies, ICTs, convergence and digitisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The digitisation together with technological convergence era have marked a new era for economic development through alteration of the traditional approaches to organisational governance, production systems, forms of labour organisation, and alterations of means of surveillance coupled with business counter surveillance strategies. One of the peculiar advantages of new media and digitisation convergence akin to boosting economic development of many nations is attributed to the capacity of new digital com munication developments. The argument is the capacity to make it possible for media organisations and or individuals to deliver various audio, text, and even video materials over the same wired, fibre optic, and or wireless connections to a myriad of destinations within seconds or fractions of seconds. This way, the technological developments of the twentieth century have made it possible for multiple products to be merged together to one product that carries the advantages possessed by all other products. However, as argued in the a paper, although these changes have been instrumental in the propagation of many countries’ economies in terms of effectiveness and efficacy in the management of organisational communications systems, there are still dominant challenges that are associated with any form of convergence. Such challenges include increased risks to which an organisation can be susceptible to among them being cyber security threats. With this challenge and many others notwithstanding, the main focus of the paper is to discuss and analyse why new media technologies, ICTs, convergence, and digitisation are seen as the new engines of economic growth for many countries coupled with offering an explanation of how countries have responded to the challenges. New media technologies, ICT, digitisation and convergence as engines of economic growth ICT encompasses a myriad of services coupled with networks, which facilitate the accumulation without negating the flow of both private and public crucial information. With regard to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2004), ICT involves â€Å"internet service provisions, telecommunications, and information technology equipment and services, media and broadcasting, libraries and documentation centres, commercial information providers, network- based information services and other related information and communication activities† (p.11).Advertising Looking for essay on business communic ation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scrutiny of this definition for ICT reveals that it is quite similar to the definition offered for information technology (IT). Chowdhury (2000) also notes this similarity but further makes a distinction that ICT comprises technologies, which capacitate the process transfer of a myriad of information such as data, audio, and textual. Akwani (2005) notes the importance of ICT in the economic development using case example of Nigeria by claiming, â€Å"The fastest growing employer of labour in Nigeria is the telecommunications industry† (p.45). Growth of the telecommunication industry underlines the growth of other sectors of economy by virtue of the fact that telecommunication is an enhancing tool for ardent inter and intra- organisational communications and information sharing. Researches on how investments in ICT and new media technologies can boost economic development have been advan cing over the last two decades (Awoleye 2012). In 1950s, Lau Tokutsu (1992) argues that the economic development recorded in the US is widely instigated by technological changes as opposed to factors such as capital and labour. Guided by this perception, several studies have also been advanced in the developing world to determine the implication of technological changes on economic growth. Such studies present contradictory findings since, while some people find positive correlations between investments in ICT and economic growths, some others record a negative correlation between the two. For instance, Berndelt et al. (1998) conducted a research on the implication of ICT capital investments on the productivity growth of selected industries of the US. He found that a negative relationship existed between the two. These findings were reproduction of similar findings by Parsons et al. (1990) who argued that, in the Canadian context, â€Å"banks did not yield good benefits from their ICT capital investments† (p.23). From the US context, Morrison (1997) reported that ICT investments had minimal implication on economic growth of the US-based organisations. However, Chowdhury (2000) contested these findings by claiming, â€Å"Many sceptics have not seen the roles of ICTs in the efforts intended to alleviate poverty and bring food security to developing countries† (p.425). Nevertheless, the author acknowledged that the challenges of alleviating poverty are incredibly complex. However, he insisted that, for this to happen, nations must invest in efficient production systems. Investments in the ICT infrastructures are one of the noble strides to put up such systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New media technologies, ICTs, convergence and digitisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the negative relationship between economic growth and investments in ICT findings, many co untries have not brought to a halt their efforts to invest in the ICT capital. The justification for this endeavour is pegged on the positive findings in the relationship between ICT and new media communications with economic development. For instance, Lau Tokutsu (1992) investigated roles of investments in ICT in the economic growth of the US between 1960 and 1990. Among the contributors of the growth listed by the scholars, â€Å"nearly half of the growth aggregate national output in the US was attributed to ICT investments than the non-ICT or labour† (Awoleye 2012, p.25). Schreyer (2000) who sought to study the effects of investments in ICT on productivity of G7 nation’s labour echoed similar findings. By employing samples from nations such as Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, and Canada, he found out that the tremendous growth in the labour productivity of the nations registered between 1990 and1996 was attributable by large proportion t o the investments in the ICT infrastructures. On a more general scale, Poh (2001) sought to know how investments in the ICT influenced Singapore’s productivity in overall. His findings indicated that investment in the ICT capital produced substantive rates of economic returns in the end. Kim (2003) sought to confirm the validity of these findings though he based his research on the Korean context. According to Kim, â€Å"ICT capital contributed 16.3% to the output growth of Korean economy and has had strong positive effects on the growth of labour productivity in the long-run† (2003, p.57). Although the findings are based on research conducted a decade ago, they are significant in the discussion of the current impacts of digitalisation era on economic growth of nations. In fact, the advents of social media have created an immense opportunity for organisations to reach large numbers of potential consumers who would otherwise be impossible to reach using the conventional forms of media. Surprisingly, the operational platforms for these new media forms are principally rested on ICT and information technology developments.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many nations, both in the developed and the developing world, have been implementing policies emanating from such research findings discussed above with the noble aim of ensuring that their countries keep at pace with new technological developments in the effort to raise their GDP. Availability of digital-enhanced connectivity is an essential factor that investors consider in the making of decisions to make investments in any country especially the developing nations. Broadband technology being one of the means of interconnecting digital computers across the globe is a major engine that drives economic growth of many nations especially in the era of offshore business, technical support, and manufacturing outsourcing. Awoleye (2012) contends with this argument by further maintaining that developing nations, which have better ICT infrastructure, are better placed to secure outsourcing, foreign investments, and or off shoring business (p.28). In this sense, internet connectivity is a m ajor enhancing factor for fostering globalisation. With regard to Paltridge (2008), internet interconnectivity enhanced through broadband is â€Å"beginning to have a fundamental impact on how economies work and on the global allocation of resources especially in the developing countries due to their greater integration in the global value chains than ever before† (p.13). In the same extent, governments in many nations have hiked their investments in the internet and web-based service delivery in the public sector through an endeavour termed as the e-governance. The goal of investments in the e-governance is aimed at ensuring cost effective, efficient, and reliable service delivery in the public sector with noble objective of increasing attractiveness of e-business environments for both local and foreign investors. E-governance fits within the theory on ICT systems, convergence, and new media technology theory on economic development since it is a tool for boosting economic d evelopment through the provision of integrated data centre, shared operation networks, and business processes coupled with one stop service delivery centres to all public consumers. Another important facet for economic growth tied within the paradigms of the rapid development in the information communication systems developments recorded within the last two decades is the E-commerce. E- Commerce has boosted economic growth of many nations by enabling them to achieve higher levels of development through the creation of a fertile investment climate, which is an incredible catalyst for economic growth. From national levels, studies, for instance, of Indjikian and Siegel (2005) show that e-commerce can create diverse and valid revenue streams to the governments through the development of new markets and products to trade in the markets. Meeting new challenges for propelling economic growth requires channels for information sharing. This argument infers that organisations whose growth is influenced by the developments in ICT and new media communications systems deserve to be largely knowledge based. The implication is that they need to be constantly innovative and creative to meet the dynamics of the markets characterised by the influx of products and services that are availed for sale in a competitive mode on a daily basis. E-Commerce as tool for economic development is immensely effective in this end since, through it, â€Å"new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the work places are opened with an enhanced flexibility and adaptability† (Indjikian Siegel 2005, p. 682). The contribution of e-commerce in the economic development of nations is not restricted to specific industries. Rather, all industries ranging from production to service delivery benefit. For instance, the US recorded improvements in 2005 in productivity in healthcare to the tunes of $6.9 billion from hefty investments in the communication convergence accruing from so lutions of mobile broadband. Similar success has been registered elsewhere in the developing nations including India and Nigeria. While the technological developments and convergence are significant in enhancing economic growth as discussed above, the endeavour not only presents technical issues and difficulties but also has the capacity to generate developmental issues. For instance, Olauwuyi and Mgbole (2012) assert that technological convergence â€Å"has a different meaning according to aims, interests, and roles of different stakeholders such as government, policy makers, regulators, civil society, private sector, and customer† (p.4). Nevertheless, an opportunity for propagation of economic growth is also presented by technological convergence in enhancing understanding coupled with the creation of awareness among various stakeholders through sufficient communication avenues, enhancement of multi-stakeholder interactivity at global fronts, and collective participation. C ontinuous economic growth in any competitive market needs the creation of a means of reduction of costs. This barrier may exist while attempting to penetrate markets and or to create of avenues for responding quickly to new business opportunities. These elements stand out as some of the merits that are availed by technological convergence in its impact on economic growth. Olauwuyi and Mgbole (2012) support this line of view by further arguing, â€Å"in addition to the evolution of infrastructure, privatisation, liberalisation, and competition in telecommunications evolved in response to trends in globalisation† (p.5). In this extent, it is arguable that the interplay between telecommunication and economic development is evident since it acts a tool for expansion of available markets to an organisation by permitting the organisation in question to trade in the global sphere with optimal cost checks. How Countries have Responded to the Underlying Challenges It is vital to note that, despite the merits that technology has brought in terms of boosting economy, various challenges have been evident ranging from insecurity, hiked competition and costs, and addiction in the adoption of the technology-driven businesses. Various countries in the world have been faced with the problem of ICT, media convergence, media technologies, and digitalisation. These factors have become the engine through which the economic wheel of the world revolves. They have made it very difficult for any country in the world to do without ICTs in its economy. Various economies have therefore put in place mechanisms to counter the effect of digital revolution. This section of the paper discusses the responses that various countries have put in place in responding to media technologies, ICTs, convergence, and digitalisation challenges. The first response that is visible in most countries is the evolution of e-commerce as argued out before. Many countries of the world have realised that tr ade in the current world of globalisation cannot escape the impact of information technology. The adoption of information communication technology by most nations of the world today has made the world of economics a small business village. Communication technologies have reduced the geographical boundaries between trading partners hence reducing transport cost. Besides, it has increased the quality and quantity of information flow. For example, in China, one can order for goods online, pay for them online, and wait for delivery within no time. This strategy has been made possible by the use of e-commerce. According to Bonsu (2008, p.356), e-commerce has empowered customers in the world of business. Customers have become more informed especially in making choices. In China, the roles played by buyers and sellers before the inception of e-commerce have drastically been altered. The period of passive buyers and very active sellers was eliminated in the Chinese economy through informati on communication technology. According to Gronroos (1994, p.9), the e-commerce strategy has made the consumer an active player in the whole business transaction. Customers can choose from a variety of goods and services advertised online. Besides, they can trade with the business partner that they think is the best according to the information posted on their website. All these provisions have been made possible by various governments to their citizenry. E-commerce has also promoted trade between far nations. For example, trade between Russia and China is more conducted online. Gronroos (1994, p.9) also affirms that e-commerce has also made many economies turn from 12 hours to 24 hours economies. Such is the economy of China. Through e-commerce, customers can carry out business transactions at any time of the day or night through the internet (Gronroos 1994, p.9). It is from such economic revolutions that the economy of China has become very powerful. The second response to ICT, con vergence, and media technologies by governments of the world is through e-governance as hinted above. With the exploration of information technology in the world, many nations have adopted e-governance. E-governance enables the citizens and foreigners to access government services online (Palvia Sharma 2007). Such services include filing of tax returns with the government, clearing of cargos on seaports, accessing various government documents and certifications. E-governance has enabled the economy of the United States of America to grow. All these outcomes have been made possible through technological convergence that delivers services closer to the customers (Gronroos 1994, p.10). In the United States of America, traders can carry out government certification processes online and or continue with the other business transactions within the confines of their houses. The possibility is attributed to technological advancement. Businesspersons can register companies with the registrar of companies in the United States without having to travel to his or her office. After registration, the businessperson will then proceed to open and operate the business. All legal requirements and regulations for such a business can be done online through the internet (Constaninides 2004, p.111). The other response by nations on the evolution of ICT, convergence, and media technologies is the adoption of e-democracy. Governments of the world have put in place mechanisms to ensure that people get their will to rule through information communication technologies. Services that the people require from the government are currently available for the people. The people of various occupations can now access information about their leaders through various information communication technology platforms. For example, people get information about the leaders they elected through the internet, television, and radio. According to Aghion (1997), it is from these media platforms, people can eva luate the performance of their leaders. For example, in the United States of America, the parliamentary debates from both the upper and lower house are televised live on the national media. This strategy has been adopted by many other nations of the world. From such broadcasting, the citizenry can evaluate the performance of their leaders in congress and or when they carry out other duties. According to Foss (2001), the media has been so active in monitoring the behaviour and conduct of leaders in various nations. This case has brought the power of the people to the people. When the population gets information about immorality or underperformance of their leaders, they can go on and recall the leaders from either senate or house of representative. One can therefore argue that information communication technology has brought the power of the people to the people. Aghion (1997) also affirms that people are also exchanging information through the social networks about how their nations are being governed. Foss (2001) affirms that various government corporations and public facilities have established websites that they post information necessary for the citizens. The citizens can also access every bit of information they want from such websites hence acting as a great response to information communication exploration in the world today. The United States has the federal communication commission that checks on the flow of information in the United States. According to Holmstro (1998), these communication commissions act as the watchdogs for the government on the happenings on the ICT and media. The communication commissions will act when there is a hate speech on the internet especially on the social networks for example Facebook. It will also follow up the allocation and utilisation of broadcasting frequencies to television stations and radios. This close monitoring also ensures that children are not exploited in such media. For example, it ensures that there are reduced pornographic overtones on the internet that are accessible by children (Holmstro 1998). This attention controls the morality of the nation. The commissions are also charged with the responsibility of monitoring what televisions broadcast especially in advertising. Any content that is harmful to the children is then filtered hence maintain the good title of the particular company in terms of all economic parameters. 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Schreyer, P 2000, The Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to Output Growth: A Study of the G7 Countries, STI Working Paper 2000/2, Paris, OECD. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 2004, Indicators of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT): The Impact of Information and Communications Technology at the country level, SCAN ICT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This essay on New media technologies, ICTs, convergence and digitisation was written and submitted by user Kimberly Whitley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.